The Drinking Age Should Be Twenty - 865 Words

Vivian Jones, the author of â€Å"Underage Drinking†, questions the drinking age limit, and wants to decrease the age limit for consuming alcohol from twenty-one years old to eighteen. Firstly, Jones defines underage drinking as a danger to young adults and teenagers that are developing. Secondly, Jones states that raising the age limit for drinking is a controversial topic in society. Thirdly, Jones acknowledges that drinking underage is banned and as a result the young adolescents are more allured to drink alcohol and rebel. The author also states that more young Americans are drinking in excess with comparison to the UK. Then, Jones also states that raising the drinking age will not stop the violence and crime, it would only help slightly. Finally, Jones states that underage drinking is a major issue in today’s society. I disagree with the author, the drinking age should be twenty-one because it would first reduce crime, it would prevent death, and finally it would d ecrease medical problems. The age limit for drinking should be twenty-one because it would have the benefits of reducing crime. Some people who drink heavily are influenced by alcohol to make bad and dangerous decisions. The alleged person who is under the influence making these risky and poor choices might not be logical at the time, but as a result will be an act of crime. For example: According to the National Council On Alcoholism And Drug Dependence INC. (NCADD), â€Å"Alcohol is a factor in 40% of all violentShow MoreRelatedThe Drinking Age Should Be Twenty869 Words   |  4 Pages Vivian Jones, the author of â€Å"Underage Drinking,† questions the drinking age limit, and wants to decrease the age limit for consuming alcohol from twenty-one years old to eighteen. Firstly, the author defines underage drinking as a danger to young adults and teenagers that are developing. Secondly, Jones states that raising the age limit for drinking is a controversial topic in society. Thirdly, Jones acknowledges that drinking underage is banned and as a result the young adolescents are more alluredRead MoreThe Debate Over A Proper Legal Drinking Age1243 Words   |  5 Pagesproper legal drinking age has been ongoing for decades. Some people believe twenty-one is the right age for legally consuming alcohol, while others believe twenty-one is too old. There are many supporters of an age limit of eighteen on alcohol consumption, but it has not been enough to sway Congress away from their set age of twenty-one. One major advocate for the age of twenty-one is the organizatio n MADD, or â€Å"Mothers Against Drunk Driving†. This organization supports the age of twenty-one, becauseRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesStates, the legal drinking age is twenty-one. In all fifty states, however, there are exceptions for underaged drinking at home, under adult supervision, or for medical purposes (â€Å"Drinking Age†). Overall, the legal opportunities for any person under twenty-one to legally drink alcohol are very scarce. There are many different points, made by people from both sides of the issue about whether or not to lower the drinking age to eighteen, or leave it where it currently stands at twenty-one. Although eachRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Abolished1634 Words   |  7 Pageslegal drinking age. In 1984 the National Minimum Drinking Age act was passed and raised the drinking age in the United States to twenty-one. This law caused uproar in states that had declared the minimum dr inking age to be eighteen. Alcohol consumption is a major factor in cultural and social matters and the National Minimum Drinking Age has affected everybody. This law is unjust because of many reasons. One of the most prominent reasons is that it is an ex-post facto law. The legal drinking age shouldRead MoreDrinking Age1395 Words   |  6 Pagesis good or bad, helpful or hurtful. Some debates are simple with no major side effects such as would drinking gatorade or water better maximize the performance of athletes. Other debates involving drinking are not as simple, these debates involve alcohol drinking age. Both arguments can have different viewpoints, the difference is the significance in the argument. What should the legal drinking age in the United States be? Consuming alcohol has been done for many years. Unlike a typical beverageRead MoreChanging the Minimun Legal Drinking Age in the United States1745 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the United States Over the past twenty years the minimum legal drinking age has been twenty-one in all US states, but that has not stopped citizens of the United Sates from attempting to lower the age. Following the end of prohibition in the United Sates during the Great Depression, all states agreed on a set of twenty-one to be the legal drinking age. For almost forty years there was no change in the drinking age until a decrease in the age for voting occurredRead MoreLowering The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesEveryone! The debate of lowering the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) has been going on for decades in the United States. Those opposed, argue that the current MLDA is not efficient and counterproductive (Engs 1). One study indicated that thousands of lives under the age of twenty-one are lost each year to alcohol (McCardell 1). Underage drinking is an issue that persists, despite evidence suggesting that the minimum legal drinking age of twenty-one has lowered alcohol usage among individual whoRead MoreShould The Minimum Drinking Age Be Lowered?1138 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion whether drinking should be lowered to eighteen or not? Citizens have gave details regarding the affirmative and negative views of the minimum drinking age be lowered to eighteen. Do you think that it is wise to lower the minimum age? Would you look at the negative and positive impacts? Is it more important to give our citizens these full rights? Currently, in the United States the legal drinking age is twenty-one. B ut as we all know many teenages are involved in underage drinking. But the mainRead MoreNot Lowering the Drinking Age1642 Words   |  7 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Many teenage deaths in the United States are caused in some way by the influence of alcohol; however, many people still believe that the legal drinking age should be reduced to eighteen. This issue has been going on for years, but the law has not been changed since the change to twenty-one in 1980. States have become stricter about preventing under-age drinking, but teenagers have no problem getting alcohol. There are many arguments in favor of changing the drinking age back toRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pages The legal drinking age in the United States has been argued for many decades. The current minimal legal drinking age is twenty-one but some want to lower between eighteen and twenty. The main focus of the research conducted and opinions of people are based on the minimal legal drinking age of eighteen. The research is taken from the 1970s, when the twenty-sixth Amendment was passed in the Constitution (Wagenaar, 206). It was state d that eighteen is the â€Å"age of majority†, so thirty-nine of the

Government Contract Law Essay Example

Essays on Government Contract Law Essay The paper "Government Contract Law" is a perfect example of an essay on law. Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR)The ASPA is one of the two laws that came into place as modern-day government contracting that is done at the federal level (Tiefer Shook, 2003). The component of this law that makes it foundational for government contract law and federal acquisition process is the fact that it is backed by the Armed Services Procurement Regulation (ASPR), which controls all acquisitions for military agencies, which also happen to be government agencies.One key area of the FPASA that makes it foundational for government contract law and federal acquisition is the fact that it defines federal standards that must be met as part of public procurements. For example, managers ought to have knowledge of accepted standards for particular products before approving their acquisition.The CICA is considered a foundational component of government contract law and the federal acquisition process becau se it spells out the processes that must be in place in hiring contractors for all federal government agencies. As part of this, arrangements that allow competitive procedures are expected to be made before hiring (Tiefer Shook, 2003). Â  "The Role of the Contracting Officer" Even though there may be some similarities in the role of the contracting officer with a principal-agent relationship, their roles cannot be compared. In the first place, the provision for an inherent principal-agent relationship where the agent is assumed to act for and on behalf of the principle does not apply with the contracting officer. This is because, in the case of the contracting officer, all parties are bound to the contract with none of the parties acting on behalf of the other. In the long run, the contracting officer binds the government to a contract (Kimmel, Weygandt and Kieso, 2011). This makes the work of the contracting officer very cumbersome and involving, comprising proposing, administering and terminating contractsThe need to certify the accuracy of financial information is the fundamental provision that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Meanwhile, as the role of the contracting officer involves very large contracts that a re actually greater than the Micro-Purchase threshold, the need to ensure accounting transparency cannot be overemphasized. In light of this, it will be argued that government contracting officers should be held to the standards articulated by the Act.

Environmental Impact Of The New Power Plant †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Impact Of The New Power Plant. Answer: New Power Plant: There are various methods by which we can mitigate the impacts of the new power plant. There are various impacts associated with the development of the new power plant like the air pollution due to emission of different air pollutants, noise pollution, congestion in the traffic, water pollution, effects on the historical monuments, safety related issues, waste management and, employment related issues many more (Drbal Westra and Boston 2012). The various ways of mitigating this risks are listed below: The power plant should aim at reducing the different the different air pollutants that causes harm to the environment. These pollutants include SO2, NO2, different particulates and carbon monoxide (CO). the power plant should aim at improving their efficiency on the production so as to reduce the pollutant emissions along with that they should also aim at shifting to the use of the nuclear power plant as there is no emission of sulphur oxide from this type of plants (Phoenix et al. 2012). They can also use fuels with low sulphur content rather than using fossil fuels. Emission of these harmful elements can be avoided by the use of solar energy or pipeline grade gas made from coals. The best way of reducing noise pollution is to contact the manufacturers of the turbine so as to reduce the problem. The manufacturers of the turbine are able to change the turbines operating parameters so as to mitigate the problem. The plant should hire experts capable of evaluating the problems and can suggest certain ways so that a potential solution is obtained (Goto Yogo and Higashii 2013). They can introduce baffles so that changes can take place in the acoustical resonance modes. Stiffening elements can also be added to strategic locations so that the changes take place and the resonant frequency is taken away from the problem frequency. The plant has to look into the matter of dumping their waste water into the river. They have to check that the water coming out from there is plant is not too much hot. Along with that they have to check that there are no harmful pollutants present in the water which can affect the aquatic life and the peoples residing near the plant. They should adopt a proper way of removing the pollutants from the water or any type of liquid that they are dumping into the river (Sueyoshi and Goto 2012). Pre-treatment needs to be done of any type of liquid coming out from the plant. Avoiding the problems with the traffic should be done by the plant. They should limit the number of cars entering and leaving the plant (Drbal Westra and Boston 2012). The plant should consider the making of new parking slots for the cars entering and leaving the plant. Proper timings should be fixed for the cars to enter or leave the plant like allowing the heavy vehicles to enter the plant only at night time or in the early morning so that the busy timings of the day are not affected due to the plants. Sea Defence: Option A or the hard defence can be recommended as the best option. According to the two development solution for the problems faced in a seashore has been compared on the basis of the magnitude and the significance. The actions or factors and the impacts of the costal defence system has been provided below. Identification of Impacts or factors Impact areas Soil erosion The beaches , mudflats or saltmarshes are affected. Loss of site for specific scientific interest as the materials of the project will be coming by roads and Parkston Quay port so it will lead to loss of 1.4HA of the SSSI (Abanades Greaves and Iglesias 2014). Change of character and particle size of the mudflats the plan of pumping the water together with the degraded material will typically carry the finer materials away from the point of deposition and then deposits those around the surrounding (Temmerman et al 2013) leading to the change in the character and the particle size of the mudflats. less attractiveness of the site for birds the attraction of the birds feeding on the invertebrates present on the mudflats decreases with change in character of the mudflats (Perkins et al 2015). Out of rating 10 the ascribed scores are listed below for the identified impacts: Identification of Impacts or factors score according to the impacts out of 10 for soft defence score according to the impacts out of 10 for soft defence Soil erosion 7 7 Loss of site for specific scientific interest 4 6 Change of character and particle size of the mudflats 5 8 less attractiveness of the site for birds 4 8 The plan A or the hard defence can be considered as the best option rather than considering the hard defence. The authority should also look into the betterment of the environmental conditions. The hard defence can be used for the purpose of creating energy and there is also less harm to the environment if implantation of the hard defence takes place. The traffic conditions during the construction of the hard defence is also less (Hsu 2013). The natural habitat of the place is also less affected. This type of defence can be used for the benefit of the society as well by providing additional energy using the tidal energy. According the scores of the impacts the best option is chosen. The total score for the severe impacts are high for the soft defence therefore indicating that the hard defence can be more advantageous and will have less impacts. Mitigation of the impacts should be taken into account after and before the implementation of the project. Necessary mitigation techniques ne ed to be done before the starting of the project as well as after the implementation of the project. Poultry Processing Plant: The environmental conditions which has been briefly discussed over here are: The site proposed for the new poultry farm has been properly described here that is for what purpose the areas around the site are used for, what are the adjoining waterbodies and the cities present around the site. Along with this it also provides with the information if the places around the site are of any ecological, historical, scientific or cultural interest or not. The river present near is the site is of Grade 1B which means it also provides the information that the river is slightly contaminated. The air quality has also been properly discussed over here that means every reason for which the air has attained a good quality is provided over here. The air quality of the new site is expected to be almost similar to that of the existing poultry farm. The environmental conditions which has not been described over here properly are: The meteorological data is not provided properly. Only the presence of airport near the site is produced over here. The other information regarding the meteorology has been provided over here that means the atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics of the new site has not been provided (Stull 2012). The weather forecasting of the new site is also not provided over here. The previous weather conditions of the place are also unknown. The traffic: The basic traffic conditions of the roads around the site has not been described. Only the number of cars using the road is provided whereas the daily conditions of the road are not provided. Only a low number of heavy vehicles travel through the roads near the new site. information about the accessibility of the roads by heavy vehicles are also not provided (Abdalla 2016). Only the direction and the speed of the wind are provided over here in the report. All details regarding the traffic and the metrological conditions of the new site. the details regarding the wind conditions of the site needs to be provided in this report. All the traffic conditions like if the road is accessible by heavy vehicles or not and if yes then what is the capacity that the road can bear. Along with this the information is also required if the road can be used in all type of weathers or not (Mueller et al 2015). The information should also be provided about the weather conditions of the site so as to determine if the weather is appropriate for the rising of the animals in the poultry or not. References: Abanades, J., Greaves, D. and Iglesias, G., 2014. Coastal defence through wave farms.Coastal Engineering,91, pp.299-307. Abdalla, A.A.J.A.R., 2016.Bio-security and Associated Risk Factors in Khartoum Poultry farm(Doctoral dissertation, Sudan University of Science and Technology). Drbal, L., Westra, K. and Boston, P. eds., 2012.Power plant engineering. Springer Science Business Media. Goto, K., Yogo, K. and Higashii, T., 2013. A review of efficiency penalty in a coal-fired power plant with post-combustion CO 2 capture.Applied Energy,111, pp.710-720. Hsu, S.A., 2013.Coastal meteorology. Elsevier. Mueller, J.P., Rischkowsky, B., Haile, A., Philipsson, J., Mwai, O., Besbes, B., Valle Zrate, A., Tibbo, M., Mirkena, T., Duguma, G. and Slkner, J., 2015. Community?based livestock breeding programmes: essentials and examples.Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics,132(2), pp.155-168. Perkins, M.J., Ng, T.P., Dudgeon, D., Bonebrake, T.C. and Leung, K.M., 2015. Conserving intertidal habitats: What is the potential of ecological engineering to mitigate impacts of coastal structures?.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,167, pp.504-515. Phoenix, G.K., Emmett, B.A., Britton, A.J., Caporn, S.J., Dise, N.B., Helliwell, R., Jones, L., Leake, J.R., Leith, I.D., Sheppard, L.J. and Sowerby, A., 2012. Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition: responses of multiple plant and soil parameters across contrasting ecosystems in long?term field experiments.Global Change Biology,18(4), pp.1197-1215. Stull, R.B., 2012.An introduction to boundary layer meteorology(Vol. 13). Springer Science Business Media Sueyoshi, T. and Goto, M., 2012. DEA radial measurement for environmental assessment and planning: desirable procedures to evaluate fossil fuel power plants.Energy Policy,41, pp.422-432. Temmerman, S., Meire, P., Bouma, T.J., Herman, P.M., Ysebaert, T. and De Vriend, H.J., 2013. Ecosystem-based coastal defence in the face of global change.Nature,504(7478), pp.79-83.

Want and Ambition Essay Example

Want and Ambition Essay 1. What spring in to your mind when you hear the word ambition? Whenever I hear the word ambition as if there’s someone beside me and telling to take actions! I have so many ambitions in life that I need to fulfill. These ambitions will help me to strive harder and reach the goal to be a successful one. 2. Are you ambitious? Yes, I am ambitious. Definitely I am, we all need to accept the facts that people meant to be ambitious to take harder or strive to get what we goal in life. People who are â€Å"ambitious† are viewed sometimes as either selfish or unrealistic. But still no matter how we look on it, there are no such bad things in having ambition. All we need to do is admit it to ourselves and give ourselves permission to pursue it. 4. Who is the most ambitious person you know? I am ambitious person; I have many ambitions in life that I need to fulfill. I knew inside me that I have many things I want to have or achieve. In family, career and even in fame there are a lot of these ambitions in my life. 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Want and Ambition specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Want and Ambition specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Want and Ambition specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What were your ambitions when you were a child? When I was small, I was dreaming to become a journalist. Whenever I hear someone reporting on television I will face in front of the mirror and will hold anything and pretend that it’s a microphone and start repeating the message that the reporter stated on the news. Later on I decided that I would like to build a big shop where kids would be able to find everything they needed so as their dreams would come true. My parents were always smiling at me, charmed by my high ambitions in life. While growing, I started to form more  definite picture of my future  and was almost sure that I want to be a diplomat. 7. What ambition do you have that you think youll realize and wont realize? 8. Why do you have ambitions? I have my ambition because, having ambition in hard times like things are not going well, will lead me to get myself out of them and find happiness and success. If we have no ambition in our life, we have no drive for anything. Nothing will seem important. 9. What’s the different between ambition and a dream? To dream is without effort as if your only dreaming for an impossible thing to happen while ambition you have to take step by step to reach each of your ambition and take risks to fulfill all of these. 10. What ambition have you held the longest? The ambition I held the longest in real life is to graduate in a diplomat with a degree holder. Wherein I can find a good job to help my parents and provide them own house and live with a happy and contented life. 11. What happens after you have fulfilled all your ambitions? The best is when the source of ambition becomes my desire to reach my big goal or to fulfill my life in purpose. The only thing that will happen after fulfilling my ambition is contentment. 12. What do you think it feels like to fulfill a lifetime ambition? I think it feels like I am the happiest person and will having a peaceful mind. Of course everyone is asking and striving to reach a lifetime ambition. And if that happens to me and in God’s will, I’ll thank him.

Creating an Analysis Essay on Archeological Record

Creating an Analysis Essay on Archeological Record In our previous guide, we discussed 20 topics for an analysis essay on archaeological record along with a sample essay plus 10 facts on for an analysis essay on the archeological record and genre to provide you with insights into what topics you can write on and how an analysis essay should be written. In this final guide, creating an analysis essay on archaeological record, we discuss the format, methods and tactics which will help you compose a brilliant paper that’s admired by your professors. But before getting into the whatnots of how an analysis essay should be written, you should know that an analytical essay is not a summary. In theory it may be, but in practice, not so much so. In fact, an analysis essay is written in a way that tells a story about a specific subject and not just providing a summary of it. In simple words, you are answering the â€Å"how† of something. For example: how using certain metaphors adds value to poetry, or how certain themes present themselves in a certain story etc. Now let’s get into the nitty-gritty of how an analytical essay is outlined: The Basic Way to Write an Analytical Essay There are a number of handful ways to write an analytical essay. They all aim at doing the same thing, hence the basics remain the same, which are as follows: Introduction Body Conclusion Now let’s discuss all the basics listed above: The Introduction The best way to introduce your analysis to the reader is to ignite interest in reading further. You can do this by doing three things: Get them hooked from the start. Introduce your thesis statement. One or two sentences on how you will prove your thesis statement. How do you get a reader into reading further? It’s really simple: All you have to do is write something interesting and surprising like a rhetorical statement or question, mention a few statistics that are relevant, or maybe   make a controversial statement. Once you have got your reader interested in reading further, you will want to smack an impressive thesis statement right in their faces. To do this, be clear and concise and get to the point straight away. Afterwards, you want the reader to know how you’re going to provide evidence and prove your thesis statement ― be clear and briefly describe what the reader is in for. The Body This is the part where you can play with formatting and show the reader how creative and ingenious you are. However, keep yourself focused on what really matters. Here is what should be included in your body: Include a Strong Topic Sentence To make your writing stand out, interesting and easy to scan, you should include a â€Å"title sentence† right before a paragraph. It should talk about exactly what the paragraph contains which makes it easier for the reader to know what’s coming next. Introduce Your Claim Now it’s time to get your claim in front of the reader. You should break down your primary claim into several pieces, giving evidences for each part to make it more convincing rather than having the reader read the entire paragraph just to buy into your claim. Speaking of evidence; The Evidence You should always know that evidence is what gives weight to your claim. Remember to always include as much relevant information as you can to support your claim. Ensure that whenever you include any evidence, it ties with the title sentence, otherwise it would look more like a summary than an analysis. Finally, use effective transitions to keep your writing flowing seamlessly. Conclusion Once you’ve proven your point by backing it up with evidence and tying that evidence with your standout title sentence and you’re certain that the reader is convinced, it’s time to conclude your essay. What’s the best way to go about it? Briefly restate what you’ve written above and in different words than what you’ve written in the body. You can add a real-world example that correlates with your argument or add a quote, or paraphrased text on what you’ve just talked about. Final Words That’s it! All you need to do now is re-read your essay from a reader’s perspective and eliminate anything that seems out of place. Make sure your paper is free of errors and mistakes so that it looks like the work of a professional. There is no shame in borrowing a little online expertise and guidance. Don’t hesitate to use these guides as a reference in case you need to better polish off your essay. Cheers!

Liminal Is Not a Fancy Word

Liminal Is Not a Fancy Word â€Å"Liminal† Is Not a â€Å"Fancy Word† â€Å"Liminal† Is Not a â€Å"Fancy Word† By Maeve Maddox The other morning I heard someone on NPR use the word liminal. He immediately referred to it apologetically as â€Å"a fancy word.† Granted, liminal is not an everyday word, but it is one that adult readers encounter if they progress very far beyond the Ayres List. (The Extended Ayres List is a list of 1500 of the most common words, ranked by difficulty. It’s widely used as a spelling and vocabulary benchmark in US schools.) A cursory Web search indicates that the NPR announcer is not alone in feeling he must apologize for using the word liminal. The following examples are typical: Liminal  is a  fancy word  for having to do with a boundary. The academics have a  fancy word  for this space; they call it the â€Å"liminal†.   Liminal is a fancy word that means â€Å"1: of or relating to a sensory threshold; 2:  barely perceptible; 3: of, relating to, or being an intermediate state, phase, or condition:  in-between,  transitional.† The noun liminality gets the same treatment: Liminality is a fancy word meaning â€Å"a place of in-between-ness. The adjective liminal and the noun liminality are used with specialized meanings in psychology and cultural anthropology, but the words have found their way into the general vocabulary and have been in frequent use at least since the 1980s. Here are the general-purpose definitions: liminal adjective: characterized by being on a boundary or threshold, especially by being transitional or intermediate between two states or situations. liminality noun: a transitional or indeterminate state between stages of a person’s life; an indeterminate state between different spheres of existence. At least some writers targeting a popular audience are able to use liminal without apology: He’s wrecked, too, by his liminal  ­racial status: His father was an Irishman, his mother was black and he comfortably claims neither.- The NY Times. They [people mistakenly declared dead by government bureaucracy] basically can end up like Tom Hanks in â€Å"The Terminal,† wandering around in terrible liminal state of boredom and frustration, except without Catherine Zeta Jones for company.- The Washington Post film  noir occupies a  liminal  space somewhere between Europe and America, between high modernism and â€Å"blood melodrama,† and between low-budget crime movies and art cinema. More than Night: Film Noir in Its Contexts, James Naremore, University of California Press. Knowing the etymology of liminal makes it especially easy to learn. It derives from limen, the Latin word for threshold, the narrow part of a doorway that lies between two rooms or between the outside and the inside of a house. A person standing framed in a doorway is â€Å"in a liminal state† between larger spaces intended to be occupied. Words represent meaning. Some are more common in general usage than others, but any reader can learn any word. I don’t think that liminal is harder to learn than any other word that has entered the general vocabulary from the sciences. I’ve never noticed a speaker or a writer refer to neurotic or psychotic as â€Å"fancy words.† Writers who apologize for using unfamiliar words seem to assume that their readers are ignorant and wish to remain that way. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?Whenever vs. When EverUsing "May" in a Question

Ccounting Systems Design and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ccounting Systems Design and Development - Essay Example The system of authorising leave and other human resource issues would be faster as the authorisation would be made electronically rather than waiting upon the paper documents. Moreover, the benefit through the opening of the new system might make The Royal Australian Mint to strictly record and monitor the working performances by tracking upon the working hours of the employees. In addition, the other benefit that the organisation might expect is that the new system would significantly effect upon their area of planning which will cover the entire organisation and also will diminish the need for people to design their own systems. The Royal Australian Mint hopes that the new system would transform the organisation into an efficient workplace along with enhancement of the productivity in future. The previous Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system of The Royal Australian Mint was not capable enough to comply with the changing information requirements of the management. Moreover, the previous system became very much complex to support the various additional programs and report requests which were required to be added into the system. In order to cope up with these sorts of problems, The Royal Australian Mint felt the need of introducing new integrated system of information. The Royal Australian Mint had made each business area map out their major process activities may be due to the fact that the organisation identified the requirement for a new integrated system that would enhance their business operations. The major motive of the organisation in mapping out their major process activities was to attain knowledge regarding their current procedure of executing working activities and also seeking for the ways in order to enhance their working procedures. The Royal Australian Mint might face certain difficulties while implementing the new integrated system of information. Due

Relating the social exchange theory to increasing divorce rates Essay

Relating the social exchange theory to increasing divorce rates - Essay Example These figures show that this phenomenon is almost universal. While trying to understand the increasing divorce rates based on social exchange theory, the analysis has to consider as its variables, cost, benefit, outcome, comparison level, satisfaction, and dependence inside the institution of marriage (Clarke-Stewart and Brentano, 20-21). This has to be so because these are the yardsticks to measure change or stability in a system, as prescribed by the social exchange theory. The theory suggests that after marriage, â€Å"people evaluate their relationship in terms of costs and benefits† (Clarke-Stewart and Brentano, 20). And the survival of the marriage is ensured only when the costs like additional work, additional responsibilities, sharing of personal things etc. are balanced by the benefits that include â€Å"love, support, companionship, emotional security, social status and connections, and sexual relations, as well as property, financial resources and assistance with d aily tasks† (Clarke-Stewart and Brentano, 20). ... So, according to social exchange theory, if alternative attractions and resources are stronger as compared to the rewards, divorce happens. In general, social exchange theory presupposes that â€Å"all interpersonal behavior including dating, marriage and family relationships, is assumed to involve a process of negotiation and bargaining (Baker, 78). Usually from a social scientist’s common perspective, the reasons for divorce can be â€Å"delays in age at first marriage, rising non-marital cohabitation, and increases in non-marital births† and also â€Å"women’s growing education and economic independence, a decline in religious influence, an increase in individualism, and a corresponding decline in communalism (Lamb, 196). The risk factors that bring about a divorce as identified by researchers also constitute a very long list (qtd. In Lamb, 197). This list includes, factors like: Marrying a teenager, being poor, having a low level of education, having no chi ldren from the marriage, bringing children from a previous union into the marriage, being in a second or higher order marriage, cohabiting prior to marriage, having no religious affiliation, not sharing the same religion with one’s spouse, living in an urban area, and growing up in a household without two continuously married parents (Lamb, 197-198). Other findings of social science research in this regard have suggested that education has a positive association with the risk of divorce (qtd. by Lamb, 198). Many more immediate causative factors of divorce have been identified as well. These comprise of â€Å"frequent arguments, repeated expressions of negative affect, domestic

Malcom X Essay Example for Free

Malcom X Essay Malcom X was a man who held many strong beliefs and posed numerous persuasive arguments. Many of these arguments are presented by Malcom X in his autobiography. The told events of his life provide the evidence for the arguments he makes. One of his contentions is that women are inferior to men. Malcoms perception of women and his basis for this argument develop through out his life. His experiences with women provide efficient evidence for the argument he makes, but there are some counter-examples which contradict his argument. Malcom grew up watching his father beat his mother. As a young boy he lived in a society where women were considered less significant than men. When Malcom moved to Boston, he gained knowledge about women by the examples of his friends who used women as status symbols. His experiences with his own status symbol, Sophia, further lead him to believe that women were inferior to men. These conditions shaped Malcoms views on women. It was through Malcoms experiences with his family, his friends in Boston, and the women he knew that lead him to believe women were nothing but another commodity (155). Malcom did have models of proud and self-reliant women through out his life. However, these women did not seem to affect his overall opinion. Malcoms father was often physically abusive to his mother. Malcom was subjected to witnessing his fathers actions. Malcom observes that a possible reason for his fathers violent outbursts was the fact that his mother had a pretty good education (6). His father would not tolerate being corrected by a woman which presented Malcom his first example of womens inferiority to men. These violent outbreaks and his mothers passive reactions taught Malcom that women could be treated in any harmful and shameful way without consequence. Moving to Boston exposed Malcom to a different culture. Bostons urban setting clashed with the rural areas where Malcom was raised. The friends he made in Boston were hustlers who operated in a fast paced and manipulative world. They believed that being seen with a white woman was the ultimate establishment of reputation. Not only did Malcom witness the white women being used for status by his friends, he understood that those white women had no more respect for those Negroes (140). He knew that the white women were using them for pleasure and escape from the security of their marriages. These experiences taught Malcom that women were to be regarded as nothing more than trophies. The lack of respect given to the women and the lack of which they gave provided evidence that women did not deserve to be appreciated. Malcom had his own white woman to parade around town to the clubs and bars, Sophia. Sophia succumbed to anything that Malcom demanded. She surrendered all of her money to him and would appear at his beck and call. Malcom would abuse her just to keep her in line (156). It became Malcoms belief that some women love to be exploited (156). Malcom exploited the submissive Sophia because she allowed him to do so. Malcom was surrounded by meek and subservient women which lead him to believe women like to be treated in such a harsh manner. Malcom was acquainted with a few very highly regarded women. The first really proud black woman Malcom had known was his sister, Ella (39). Ella was a woman of great achievements. Malcom had never been so impressed with anybody (39-40). Another impressive woman who impacted Malcoms life was the wife of his boss. She was educated and had business abilities which Malcom respected. Malcom regarded these women much differently than the others he knew like Sophia, however, his inferiority-of-women attitude was not changed by these decent women. The mistreatment and abuse of women that Malcom witnessed and acted out guided his beliefs about women and where they stood in society. Malcoms perceptions of women and his argument about gender relations are clearly connected with his raising. His evidence of these views and arguments give good reason for him to accept them as true. His gender relations argument does not take into consideration the few, but highly upright, women that did take part in his life, though. The fact that he did experience relationships with women whom he did not consider inferior conflicts his argument.

Critique of the 2007 WCRF Report on Cancer Prevention Essay -- Health,

The Internationally acclaimed World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) International in London, UK, is considered among many scientists, to be the leader in the unification of charities dedicated to cancer research. (Beck, et al., 296). Beck, Thompson and Allen summarized the 2007 WCRF information and statistics from around the world on cancer prevention in their paper, â€Å"Policy and Action for Cancer Prevention -- Highlights from a New Report by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research.† Cancer in its many forms is on the rise globally; in 2007 there were 11.3 million cases of cancer and this number is expected to rise to 15.5 million cases by 2030 (296). There are two main reasons for the increase in this deadly disease; â€Å"populations of many countries are aging†¦ [and] the populations of many countries are†¦ consuming more foods and drinks that promote weight gain, leading to a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity† (296). One of the main purposes of their Policy Report is to provide the public with information that helps achieve â€Å"health goals for reducing cancer risk† (296). The WCRF suggests policies that protect life at all stages and in this report â€Å"special emphasis† (298) was placed on policies to help children, young women and mothers achieve higher standards in nutrition thereby reducing their risk of cancer. Many scientists are in agreement now that lifestyle with emphasis on proper nutrition is a key factor in reducing the risk of cancer. The 2007 WCRF Report was compiled by a panel of 23 international experts on cancer prevention, who closely examined evidence from a 2007 Diet and Cancer report. There were an additional two professionals on the panel with expert experience in policy. ... ...he World Cancer Research Fund And The American Institute For Cancer Research." Nutrition Bulletin 34.3 (2009): 296-302. CINAHL. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. Holman, Dawn M, and Mary C White. "Dietary Behaviors Related To Cancer Prevention Among Pre-Adolescents And Adolescents: The Gap Between Recommendations And Reality." Nutrition Journal 10.(2011): 60. MEDLINE. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. Tercyak, Kenneth P, and Vida L Tyc. "Opportunities And Challenges In The Prevention And Control Of Cancer And Other Chronic Diseases: Children's Diet And Nutrition And Weight And Physical Activity." Journal Of Pediatric Psychology 31.8 (2006): 750-763. MEDLINE. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. James R Cerhan, et al. "Factors Associated With Breast Cancer Prevention Communication Between Mothers And Daughters." Journal Of Women's Health (2002) 17.6 (2008): 1017-1023. MEDLINE. Web. 22 Jan. 2012.

Chaucer’s Prologue To The Canterbury Tales Essay

Dave Tagatac English III Dec. 1, 2000 Canterbury Tales Essay #1 In Geoffrey Chaucer’s Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, there was a Friar to accompany the party traveling to Canterbury. Hubert, as he was called, embodied the traits from which friars were expected to keep their distance. Chaucer is successful in using this white-necked beggar to bring to the readers mind corruption, wealth, greed, and lechery, all hypocritical and immoral characteristics for a man of the church to possess. Although he is a merry man, full of joy and â€Å"wantonness†, these are mere irrelevancies when assessing Hubert’s value of character as a friar. Throughout Chaucer’s description of the Friar in the Prologue, Hubert’s corruption is evident. Probably the Friar’s greatest evil is suggested early in his description and mentioned several times more. When Hubert would marry a couple, he would give each â€Å"Of his young women what he could afford her.† The sexual connotation of this statement is enforced by the fact that â€Å"He kept his tippet stuffed with pins for curls, / And pocket-knives, to give to pretty girls.† Other evidence of corruption, although not as reprehensible as the defiance of celibacy, includes Hubert’s failure to befriend the â€Å"lepers, beggars, and that crew,† to whom friars were intended to be nearest. The narrator explains that their lack of money makes their friendship simply a waste of the Friar’s time. A friar is supposed to be poor, only taking what they need to survive, and giving the rest to those impoverished souls who need it. Hubert, on the other hand, was quite wealthy. I have never known the imbibing of alcohol to be a necessity of life, and yet this friar â€Å"knew the taverns very well in every town / And every innkeeper and barmaid too.† The narrator even states outright that â€Å"his income came / To more than he laid out.† Yet another extraneous possession for a friar was the extravagant dress Hubert wore, as contrasted with the rags friars were expected to don. All of these things demonstrate how the Friar, even when obtaining more than he expected, gave very little to the poor, and kept much for himself. This feeling is continued † even augmented † upon examination of Hubert’s greed. â€Å"Highly beloved and intimate was he / With Country folk within his boundary.† As mentioned above, he associated not with the poor, â€Å"But only with the rich and victual-sellers.† Anyone from whom a profit was possible was inherently the Friar’s friend. This greed is indisputable in light of a final piece of evidence. That is that Hubert would actually pay other friars not to beg in his district. Again, these are actions to be frowned upon in any man, let alone a religiously affiliated one. Finally, Hubert can be shown to be a leach, hanging around those from whom he can get money, and depending on them to support his opulent lifestyle. Although he had no permission to hear confession, this was one way for him to make money, and he did not hesitate to utilize it. He even targeted those who weren’t so wealthy in a never-ending quest for monetary gain: â€Å"though a widow mightn’t have a shoe / â€Å" ¦ / He got her farthing from her just the same.† When people of his district had a dispute, the lecherous Friar was there. Hubert could be found taking advantage of any opportunity he could find to make money honestly, or dishonestly. The Friar was well liked, and had a wonderful singing voice, but his contributions to society ended here. He, through his actions, has shown evidence of corruption, immoral opulence, greed to increase this wealth, and a terrible habit of leaching off others. He was considered a man of the church, but he was far from the piety the title â€Å"friar† conveys.

Marie is a 13 year old female

Marie is a 13 year old female, who, along with 2 adults (both age 18), staged a kidnapping of a 13 year old girl in Marie’s class. They tied and gagged the little girl to the kidnapping spot. Should Marie be brought to trial as a juvenille or tried in an adult court? Is Marie classified as a juvenile offender? To answer these questions we will look at what classifies a juvenile offender, offenses that constitutes juvenile tried as adults, criminal intent surrounding Marie’s case, what sentencing guidelines should be considered and what treatment conditions should be made.It is a sad fact that people of all ages commit crimes, yes, even children under legal age of adult hood which varies from state to state. Because of this â€Å"juvenile† court systems have been designed to â€Å"sentence† those who are too young to be tried as an adult. Those juvenile that commit crimes usually are tried before a special the juvenile court and receive their punishment. Ho wever, some juvenile are committing adult crimes and therefore should be charged as adults. When these cases arise a juvenile offender can be waived from juvenile court to adult court if the offense was â€Å"adult† enough.Usually a wavering processing has to be conducted via the procecustor. However, many states have laws allowing prosecutors to file adult charges against juvenile offenders for serious offenses without applying for a waiver (www.expertlaw.com). In addition, many states have seen the need to eliminate some serious offensives from juvenile court. Because of their severity; offenses such as capital crimes, murders, and other offenses against persons will be tried only in adult courts.According to www.co.san-joaquin.ca.us, those adolesants at least 14 years of age can be tried and sentenced to as an adult form a number of felonies. These felonies include: murder, attempted murder, arson, robbery with a deadly or dangerous weapon, various forms of rape, kidnappin g, and carjacking. It is vital to point out that under most state laws, juvenile offenders do not commit crimes, they commit delinquent acts that some would constitute as crimes in committed by adults.With the understanding of juvenile offenders and what offenses permit a juvenile to be tried as an adult, should Marie be tried as an adult for her involvement in the kidnapping of her classmate? In my opinion, yes Marie should be tried as an adult. As a juvenile offender tried as an adult she will have the legal protection as adult’s defendants: right to an attorney, the right to remain silent, and the right to confront accusers, cross-examine witnesses and appeal to a higher court.According to the legal dictonary criminal intent is a mental desire and will to act in a particular way. Marie's intent was plotting with the adults to kidnap her classmate. Because juvenile are not â€Å"sentenced† even when tried as adults, instead they are rehabilitated, Marie should still face a juror of six adults. Her past history with the juvenile system, opportunity of reform, seriousness and her involvement in the kidnapping as well as how the public’s safety will be affected if she is not locked up should be considered in the guidelines of the sentencing of the case.Treatment consideration should be provided to the court as a rehabilitation program such as a detention center or â€Å"boot camp†. Even if this is her first offense, it is clear by her involvement in this crime that she is headed down the wrong path and redirection is in order. It is known by adult court judges that the adult prisons offer little in the way of rehabilitation, counseling, or schooling. Therefore rehabilitation is mostly likely the route the juvenile would get.A rehabilitation center would provide her the maximum security training schools operated by state governments or non-profit organizations. In these facilities she would be placed through a rigorous program of educ ation and counseling. Marie should not be sent to an adult prison, as a 1996 study of children sent to an adult prison were 1/3 more likely to commit crimes when released than those who were sent to a rehabilitation center (Juvenile Justice).   If she is transferred into a boot camp, she would be involved in a military style regimen or hard work, calisthenics and discipline (Kresnak, pg 04). According to Jack Kresnak, the purposes of these camps are imposing structure into their chaotic live.Even though I have suggested and support Marie being tried as an adult for her involvement in this terrible crime and refer her to obtaining rehabilitation for her actions, this is not saying that juveniles are not sentenced to pinion. In retrospect, www.expertlaw.com was quick to point out that many states have large juvenile prisons and treatment facilities. It is highly understood that some juvenile offenders are extremely dangerous and despite their age incarceration can and should be appr opriate for them. It is also vital to know that if tried as a juvenile, these juvenile offenders are not offered the same guidelines as adults.They have no constitutional right to a jury trial, and do have a right to a public trail or bail. The purpose of juvenile trail is to rehabilitate not to punish. That is why I stand firm on my ground that Marie should be tried as an adult. She committed a crime and being tried as an adult will ensure that she is â€Å"scared† into the proper social behavior.However, the only problem we foresee in her being tried as an adult is that Marie is only 13 years of age. Most states as we have read allow children as young as 14 to be tried as an adult for various felonies, because of this legal catch, can we still have her tried as an adult? Yes, in the state of Colorado according to http://www.state.co.us/gov_dir. â€Å"a juvenile 12 or 13 years of age and is alleged to have committed an act that if committed by an adult would constitute a Cl ass 1 or 2 felony or crime of violence as defined in section 18-1.3-406, C.R.S.† can be tried as an adult.Because of this law in Colorado I conclude that Marie should be tried as an adult for her involvement in the kidnapping of her classmate and sentenced to a rehabilitation center or boot camp. In either place, she will gain the educational and discipline to become a better citizen and well rounded person and hopefully become reformed enough to play an active, good moral role in our society upon her completion of the program.Refrences:When a Child can be tried as an adult, A publication of the office of Legilaive legal services. August 30, 2005.       https://www.expertlaw.com/library/criminal/juvenile_law.htmlCriminal Law: Juvenile Criminal Cases. 1999 National Report Series, Juvenile Justice.    Bulletin: Juvenile Justice: A Century of Change: December 1999.      Kresnak, Jack. Chapter 2, Juvenile Justice.http://www.justicejournalism.org/crimeguide/chapter02/chap ter02_pg04.html

Complete Guide to the Denisovans, Newer Hominid Species

Complete Guide to the Denisovans, Newer Hominid Species The Denisovans are a recently identified hominin species, related to but different from the other two hominid species (early modern humans and Neanderthals) who shared our planet during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic periods. Archaeological evidence of the existence of Denisovans is so far limited, but genetic evidence suggests they were once widespread across Eurasia and interbred with both Neanderthals and modern humans. Key Takeaways: Denisovans Denisovan is the name of a hominid distantly related to Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans.Discovered by genomic research in 2010 on bone fragments from Denisova Cave, SiberiaEvidence is primarily genetic data from the bone and modern humans who carry the genes  Ã‚  Positively associated with the gene which allows humans to live at high altitudesA right mandible was found in a cave in the Tibetan Plateau The earliest remains were tiny fragments found in the Initial Upper Paleolithic layers of Denisova Cave, in the northwestern Altai Mountains some four miles (six kilometers) from the village of Chernyi Anui in Siberia, Russia. The fragments held DNA, and the sequencing of that genetic history  and the discovery of remnants of those genes in modern human populations  has important implications for the human habitation of our planet. Denisova Cave The first remains of the Denisovans were two teeth and a small fragment of finger-bone from Level 11 at Denisova Cave, a level dated between 29,200 to 48,650 years ago. The remains contain a variant of initial Upper Paleolithic cultural remains found in Siberia called Altai. Discovered in 2000, these fragmentary remains have been the target of molecular investigations since 2008. The discovery came after researchers led by Svante Pbo at the Neanderthal Genome Project at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology successfully completed the first mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence of a Neanderthal, proving that Neanderthals and early modern humans are not very closely related at all. In March 2010, Pbos team reported the results of the examination of one of the small fragments, a phalanx (finger bone) of a child aged between 5 and 7, found within Level 11 of Denisova Cave. The mtDNA signature from the phalanx from Denisova Cave was significantly different from both Neanderthals or early modern humans (EMH). A complete mtDNA analysis of the phalanx was reported in December of 2010, and it continued to support the identification of the Denisovan individual as separate from both Neanderthal and EMH. Pbo and colleagues believe that the mtDNA from this phalanx is from a descendant of people who left Africa a million years after Homo erectus, and half a million years before the ancestors of Neanderthals and EMH. Essentially, this tiny fragment is evidence of human migration out of Africa that scientists were completely unaware of before this discovery. The Molar The mtDNA analysis of a molar from Level 11 in the cave and reported in December 2010 revealed that the tooth was likely from a young adult of the same hominid as the finger bone and clearly a different individual since the phalanx is from a child. The tooth is an almost complete left and probably third or second upper molar, with bulging lingual and buccal walls, giving it a puffy appearance. The size of this tooth is well outside the range for most Homo species. In fact, it is closest in size to Australopithecus. It is absolutely not a Neanderthal tooth. Most importantly, the researchers were able to extract DNA from the dentin within the root of the tooth, and preliminary results reported its identification as a Denisovan. The Culture of the Denisovans What we know about the culture of the Denisovans is that it was apparently not much different from other Initial Upper Paleolithic populations in the Siberian north. The stone tools in the layers in which the Denisovan human remains were located are a variant of Mousterian, with the documented use of parallel reduction strategy for the cores, and a large number of tools formed on large blades. Decorative objects of bone, mammoth tusk, and fossilized ostrich shell were recovered from the Denisova Cave, as were two fragments of a stone bracelet made of dark green chlorite. The Denisovan levels contain the earliest use of an eyed-bone needle known in Siberia to date. Genome Sequencing In 2012, Pbos team reported the mapping of the complete genome sequencing of the tooth. Denisovans, like modern humans today, apparently share a common ancestor with Neanderthals  but had a completely different population history. While Neanderthal DNA is present in all populations outside of Africa, Denisovan DNA is only found in modern populations from China, island Southeast Asia, and Oceania. According to the DNA analysis, the families of present-day human and Denisovans split apart about 800,000 years ago  and then reconnected some 80,000 years ago. Denisovans share the most alleles with Han populations in southern China, with Dai in northern China, and with Melanesians, Australian aborigines, and southeast Asian islanders. The Denisovan individuals found in Siberia carried genetic data that matches that of modern humans and is associated with dark skin, brown hair and brown eyes. Tibetans, Denisovan DNA, and Xiahe Looking through the entire Jiangla River Valley at the upper reach of the valley. Biashiya Karst Cave is at the end of the valley. Dongju Zhang, Lanzhou University A DNA study published by population geneticist Emilia Huerta-Sanchez and colleagues in the journal  Nature  focused on the genetic structure of people who live on the Tibetan Plateau at 4,000 meters above sea level  and discovered that Denisovans may have contributed to the Tibetan ability to live at high altitudes. The gene EPAS1 is a mutation which reduces the amount of hemoglobin in blood required for people to sustain and thrive at high altitudes with low oxygen. People who live at lower altitudes adapt to low-oxygen levels at high altitudes by increasing the amount of hemoglobin in their systems, which in turn increases the risk of cardiac events. But Tibetans are able to live at higher elevations without increased hemoglobin levels. The scholars sought for donor populations for EPAS1 and found an exact match in Denisovan DNA. Denisova Cave is only about 2,300 feet above sea level; the Tibetan Plateau averages 16,400 ft asl. A team led by paleontologist Jean-Jacques Hublin (Chen 2019) searched through archived Tibetan paleontological remains and identified a mandible which had been discovered in Baishiya Karst Cave, Xiahe, Gansu province, China in 1980. The Xiahe mandible is 160,000 years old and it represents the earliest known hominin fossil found on the Tibetan Plateau- the caves elevation is 10,700 ft asl. Although no DNA remained in the Xiahe mandible itself, there was extant proteome in the dentine of the teeth- albeit highly degraded, it was still clearly distinguishable from contaminating modern proteins. A proteome is the set of all expressed proteins in a cell, tissue, or organism; and the observed state of a particular single amino acid polymorphisms within the Xiahe proteome helped establish the identification of the Xiahe as Denisovan. The scholars believe that this human adaptation to extraordinary environments may have been facilitated by gene flow from Denisovans who had adapted to the cl imate first. Now that researchers have an indication of what Denisovan jaw morphology looks like, it will be easier to identify possible Denisovan candidates. Chen et al. also suggested two more East Asian bones which fit the morphology and time frame of Xiahe cave, Penghu 1 and Xuijiayo. Family Tree When anatomically modern humans left Africa about 60,000 years ago, the regions they arrived in were already populated: by Neanderthals, earlier Homo species, Denisovans and possibly Homo floresiensis. To some degree, the AMH interbred with these other hominids. The most current research indicates that all of the hominid species are descended from the same ancestor, a hominin in Africa; but the exact origins, dating, and spread of hominids throughout the world was a complex process that needs much more research to identify. Research studies led by Mondal et al. (2019) and Jacobs et al. (2019) have established that modern populations containing admixtures of Denisovan DNA are found throughout Asia and Oceania, and it is becoming clear that interbreeding between anatomically modern humans and Denisovans and Neanderthals occurred several times over the course of our history on planet earth. Selected Sources rnason, Úlfur. The Out of Africa Hypothesis and the Ancestry of Recent Humans: Cherchez La Femme (Et Lhomme). Gene 585.1 (2016): 9–12. Print.Bae, Christopher J., Katerina Douka, and Michael D. Petraglia. On the Origin of Modern Humans: Asian Perspectives. Science 358.6368 (2017). Print.Chen, Fahu, et al. A Late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan Mandible from the Tibetan Plateau. Nature  (2019). Print.Douka, Katerina, et al. Age Estimates for Hominin Fossils and the Onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature 565.7741 (2019): 640–44. Print.Garrels, J. I. Proteome. Encyclopedia of Genetics. Eds. Brenner, Sydney and Jefferey H. Miller. New York: Academic Press, 2001. 1575–78. PrintHuerta-Sanchez, Emilia, et al. Altitude Adaptation in Tibetans Caused by Introgression of Denisovan-Like DNA. Nature 512.7513 (2014): 194–97. Print.Jacobs, Guy S., et al. Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in Papuans. Cell 177.4 (2019): 1010–21.e32. P rint.Mondal, Mayukh, Jaume Bertranpetit, and Oscar Lao. Approximate Bayesian Computation with Deep Learning Supports a Third Archaic Introgression in Asia and Oceania. Nature Communications 10.1 (2019): 246. Print. Slon, Viviane, et al. The Genome of the Offspring of a Neanderthal Mother and a Denisovan Father. Nature 561.7721 (2018): 113–16. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. A Fourth Denisovan Individual. Science Advances 3.7 (2017): e1700186. Print.

How to Calculate Volume Percent Concentration

How to Calculate Volume Percent Concentration Volume percent or volume/volume percent (v/v%)  is used when preparing solutions of liquids. It is very easy to prepare a chemical solution using volume percent, but if you misunderstand the definition of this unit of concentration, youll experience problems. Percent Volume Definition Volume percent is defined as: v/v % [(volume of solute)/(volume of solution)] x 100% Note that volume percent is relative to volume of solution, not volume of solvent. For example, wine is about 12% v/v ethanol. This means there are 12 ml ethanol for every 100 ml of wine. It is important to realize liquid and gas volumes are not necessarily additive. If you mix 12 ml of ethanol and 100 ml of wine, you will get less than 112 ml of solution. As another example, 70% v/v rubbing alcohol may be prepared by taking 700 ml of isopropyl alcohol and adding sufficient water to obtain 1000 ml of solution (which will not be 300 ml). Solutions made to a specific volume percent concentration typically are prepared using a volumetric flask. When Is Volume Percent Used? Volume percent (vol/vol% or v/v%) should be used whenever a solution is prepared by mixing pure liquid solutions. In particular, its useful where miscibility comes into play, as with volume and alcohol. Acid and base aqueous reagents are usually described using weight percent (w/w%). An example is  concentrated hydrochloric acid, which is 37% HCl w/w. Dilute solutions are often described using weight/volume % (w/v%). An example is 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate.  Although its a good idea to always cite the units used in percentages, it seems common for people to omit them for w/v%. Also, note weight is really mass.

Sculpture Course Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sculpture Course Paper - Essay Example Her art was inspired by her traumatic past in which she struggled with themes of sex and the body, depression and violence, marriage and motherhood, and aging and childhood. She lived to be almost 100 year of age, therefore, her career spanned more than seven decades. She is best known for her series of giant spiders, which were inspired by her beloved mother Josephine, who was a weaver. Her most well known work is â€Å"Maman† (1999), which depicts a giant spider 30-foot high with a sac containing marble eggs. The title â€Å"Maman† is French for Mother. This sculpture has brought Bourgeois into the 20th century Pop Culture genre. Spiders are very alarming and strong figures in their effect on people. They can pull differing emotions from fear to terror, to curiosity and playfulness. The first creation of â€Å"Maman† filled the space Bourgeois’ was given to create her piece. There was just enough room left to work around in the great Turbine Hall. This g ave her room for exploration of her relationship with her mother in her characterization of the giant spider. Viewing â€Å"Maman† can invoke fear, terror, playfulness and even awe at the size and inspiration behind the spinally figure.

Culture and Translation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Culture and Translation - Essay Example The problem of translation, therefore, is not simply limited to finding alterative words but to preserving the source culture. Referring to the translation of specific genres which represent a language's cultural heritage and historical memories, Rosslyn (1997, pp. 19-22) highlights the difficulties of translating the worlds within which these words emerge and which they define and express. Translation is a challenge because it entails far more than the rendering of a text from a source to a target language; translation requires that the translator move the culture from the source text to the target text but in such a way as would allow the target audience to understand that culture and to appreciate it on its own terms (Bassnet, 1990; Baker, 1992, pp. 1-5; Schaffner and Kelly-Holmes, 1995, pp. 19-23; Faiq, 2004, pp. 14-16). Looking at the above stated from the perspective of Arabic to English or English to Arabic translation, the difficulties and challenges which the translator confronts become a bit clearer. Not only is the Arabic to English translator, for example, required to transfer an Arabic language text into the English language but he/she is expected to also preserve the Arabic culture from which the text emerged and transfer it to the source text, the translated one. This, as the essay will argue, is an extremely difficult undertaking and, if it is to be done properly, requires that the translator align the translation theory and type that he will use with the source text's genre and culture. 2 Culture and Translation The problem of translation is compounded by the cultural factor. This is especially so in cases where the proposed source culture and the planned target one are considered antithetical, or when the difference between them function as an obstacle to the one understanding the other. This is generally assumed to be the case with Arabic and English. Indeed, historical memories, linguistic heritages and worldviews specific to the Arabic and English languages are sufficiently different and divergent to pose as a real challenge for the translator. As Edward Said (1978, pp. 49-52) argued in his famous, and highly influential, treatise on orientalism, when translating from Arabic to English, the translator faces a challenging task. He has to disconnect himself, as a subject and person, from the act of translation, to avoid making the mistake of colonizing or orientalising the text. As regards the former, the implication here is that the Western translator approach the Arabic text from the mat rix of his/her own culture and, in his/her determined efforts to communicate the nuances of the oriental culture, emphasize its otherness,' ultimately portraying it as extremely foreign and exotic. As regards the latter, the translator similarly inserts him/herself, as a subjective cultural being, into the process. The outcome can be the colonization of the source text in the sense that the translator interprets it from his/her cultural perspectives and norms, effectively imposing the latter upon

A Race for Intelligence Gains through Aerial Reconnaissance Term Paper

A Race for Intelligence Gains through Aerial Reconnaissance - Term Paper Example One of the most striking features of the Mosquito bombers as reconnaissance vessels was its reliable speed in aerial space. Technical features range to incredible numbers such as with the Mosquito PR Mk 34 and PR Mk 34A. These units had addition fuel carried in a bulged bomb-bay - 1,192 gallons which was the equivalent of 5,419 miles. A further two 200 gallon drop tanks under the outer wings gave a range of 3,600 miles cruising at 300 mph. Powered by two 1,690 hp Merlin 114s first used in earlier Mosquito units. A total of 181 were built, including 50 built by the Percival Aircraft Company (Bowman 165).As what had been explained above, both Spitfire fighters and the Mosquito bombers were the most versatile aerial vessels of the British Royal Air Force. Both were proven exceptional when it came to dogfights and bomb raids respectfully. They were efficient in aerial defenses that kept enemy aerial raids at bay. Both units were also useful in assault missions where escort Spitfires prov ided cover for raiding Mosquito bombers above enemy territory. More importantly, espionage missions were the key factors which created the Spitfire and the Mosquito a treasure to the British Royal Air Force. The speed and efficiency both the mentioned fighter and bomber units possessed were the primary aspects which catapulted the Spitfire and the Mosquito into heavy reconnaissance tasks. Flexibility to adopt with the environment and the maneuverability of the mentioned units were beneficial for low, medium and high altitude spying.  Ã‚  ... Technical features range to incredible numbers such as with the Mosquito PR Mk 34 and PR Mk 34A. These units had addition fuel carried in a bulged bomb-bay - 1,192 gallons which was the equivalent of 5,419 miles. A further two 200 gallon drop tanks under the outer wings gave a range of 3,600 miles cruising at 300 mph. Powered by two 1,690 hp Merlin 114s first used in earlier Mosquito units. A total of 181 were built, including 50 built by the Percival Aircraft Company (Bowman 165). As what had been explained above, both Spitfire fighters and the Mosquito bombers were the most versatile aerial vessels of the British Royal Air Force. Both were proven exceptional when it came to dogfights and bomb raids respectfully. They were efficient in aerial defenses that kept enemy aerial raids at bay. Both units were also useful in assault missions where escort Spitfires provided cover for raiding Mosquito bombers above enemy territory. More importantly, espionage missions were the key factors wh ich created the Spitfire and the Mosquito a treasure to the British Royal Air Force. The speed and efficiency both the mentioned fighter and bomber units possessed were the primary aspects which catapulted the Spitfire and the Mosquito into heavy reconnaissance tasks. Flexibility to adopt with the environment and the maneuverability of the mentioned units were beneficial for low, medium and high altitude spying. On the opposite end of the spectrum, the Luftwaffe provided the Germans with unique espionage units. At the onset of the war, ordinary German passenger planes were used as the primary aerial vessels for the campaign of enemy espionage. These were indeed decisive actions taken by the German intelligence because they risked innocent civilian

Dementia Sufferer Mental

Dementia Sufferer Mental Introduction Dementia is a loss of mental function in two or more areas such as language, memory, visual and spatial abilities, or judgment severe enough to interfere with daily life3. Dementia is not a disease itself, sufferers show a broader set of symptoms that accompany certain diseases or physical conditions3. Well known diseases that cause dementia include Alzheimer’s disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and multi-infarct dementia3. Dementia is an acquired and progressive problem that affects cognitive functions, behavior, thinking processes and the ability to carry out normal activities. Vision is one of the most important primary senses, therefore serious or complete sight loss has a major impact on a individuals ability to communicate effectively and function independently. Individuals who suffer from both dementia and serious vision loss will inevitably be subject to profound emotional, practical, psychological and financial problems. These factors will also influence others around the sufferer and will extend to family and the greater society. As we get older both dementia and visual problems inevitably become much more prevalent. Current demographic trends show the increase of the number of very old in our population. Therefore it is inevitable that dementia and serious sight loss either alone or together, will have important consequences for all of us3. The vast majority of people are aware that dementia affects the memory. However it is the impact it has on the ability to carry out daily tasks and problems with behavior that cause particular problems, and in severe cases can lead to institutionalization. In the primary stages of dementia, the patient can be helped by friends and family through ‘reminders’. As progression occurs the individual will loose the skills needed for everyday tasks and may eventually fail to recognize family members, a condition known as prospagnosia. The result of such progression is that the individual becomes totally dependent on others. Dementia not only affects the lives of the individual, but also the family9. Dementia can present itself in varying forms. The most common form of dementia in the old is Alzheimers disease, affecting millions of people. It is a degenerative condition that attacks the brain. Progression is gradual and at a variable rate. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are impaired memory, thinking and changes in behaviour. Dementia with Lewy bodies and dementias linked to Parkinsons disease are responsible for around 10-20% of all dementias. Dementia with Lewy bodies is of particular interest as individuals with this condition not only present confusion and varying cognition, but also present symptoms of visual hallucinations9. Another common conditions that causes dementia is multi-infarct dementia, also known as vascular dementia. It is the second most common form on dementia after alzheimers disease in the elderly. Multi infarct dementia is caused by multiple strokes in the brain. These series of strokes can affect some intellectual abilities, impair motor skills an d also cause individuals to experience visual hallucinations. Individuals with multi infarct dementia are prone to risk factors for stroke, such as high BP, heart disease and diabetes. Multi infarct dementia cannot be treated, once nerve cells die they cannot be replaced. X3 In most cases the symptoms of dementia and serious sight loss develop independently. However some conditions can cause both visual and cognitive impairments, for example Down syndrome, Multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Dementia is most prevalent in the elderly, as is sight loss. Therefore it is inevitable that a number of people will present dementia together with serious sight loss. There have been many studies into the prevalence of dementia in the UK. An estimate for the prevalence of dementia in people over 75 years of age is 15% of the population9. The Alzheimer’s society suggest that 775,200 people in the UK suffer from dementia (figures taken 2001). The Alzheimer’s society also calculates that the prevalence of dementia in the 65-75 years age group is 1 in 50, for 70-80 years 1 in 20 and for over 80 years of age 1 in 5. Estimates suggest that by 2010 approximately 840,000 people will become dementia sufferers in the UK. Estimates suggest that around 40% of dementia sufferers are in residential institutions. One study from 1996 showed that dementia sufferers are 30 times more likely to live in an institution than people without dementia. At 65 years of age men are 3 times more likely than women to live in an institution and at 86 men and women are equally likely to be institutionalized10 Visual impairments are not associated general diagnostic features of dementia. However recent research has shown the change in visual function and visual processing may be relevant. Alzheimer’s disease patients often present problems with visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereo-acuity and color vision. These problems are believed to be more true of cognitive dysfunction rather than any specific problems in the eye or optic nerve9. Early diagnosis is essential to both dementia and sight loss patients, as drug treatments are becoming more and more available. Therefore maximizing the treatment and care for the individual. On the other hand early diagnosis of visual conditions is also essential, so that progression is slowed and treatment is commenced, therefore further progression is prevented if plausible9. The Mini-Mental State examination MMSE, is the most commonly used cognitive test for the diagnosis of dementia. It involves the patient to undertake tests of memory and cognition. It takes the form of a series of questions/answers and uses written, verbal and visual material. Poor vision or blindness is the most common cause of poor performance on this test other than dementia itself9. Research, development and investment in the future will help to contribute to improved care for dementia and sight loss sufferers. A better understanding of the daily lives and experiences of these people will give us a greater insight into the problems faced and will help to improve the quality of care available9. Alzheimer’s disease The aim of this paper is to provide information about current knowledge on the topic on visual function dementia. With regards to Alzheimer’s disease there will be an inclination to several main foci of research, namely anatomical/structural changes, functional visual changes, cognitive brain changes and other changes such as the effects of diagnostic drugs on Alzheimer’s disease patients. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia amongst older adults. The Alzheimer’s research trust estimates that 700,000 individuals in the UK currently are afflicted. This number will inevitably increase exponentially in the near future with the trend of an increasingly aging UK population. Therefore it must be of the utmost of importance worldwide to have an understanding all behavioral, anatomical and physiological aspects of this disease. Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative disease that attacks the brain, it begins gradually and progresses at a variable rate. Common signs are impaired thinking, memory and behavior. Health professionals and care givers agree that the memory deficit is usually the initial sign of the disease. However researchers have long known that Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by impairments of several additional domains, including visual function11. However these findings have not yet appeared in the diagnostic guides consulted by healthcare professionals, for example the most recent addition of the Diagnostic Statistical manual of mental disorders states that few sensory signs occur in early Alzheimer’s disease2. Therefore we still have a limited understanding of the true extent to which visual impairments affects Alzheimer’s disease. The current web site of the Alzheimer’s association1 and National Institute of Aging4 make no mention of the topic of sensory changes in Alzheimer’s disease. It has even been said that patients with Alzheimer’s disease report visual problems to their healthcare professionals less frequently than do healthy elderly individuals5. Nevertheless visual function is impaired in Alzheimer’s disease6. In terms of cognitive changes, the neuropathology of this disorder affects several other brain areas which are dedicated to processing low level visual functions as well as higher level visual cognition and attention11. These neuropathological cognitive changes are more dominant however in the visual variant of Alzheimer’s disease known as posterior cortical atrophy, however visual problems are also present in the more common Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease begins when there are deposits of abnormal proteins outside nerve cells located in the brain in the form of amyloid. These are known as diffuse plaques, and the amyloid also forms the central part of further structured plaques known as senile or neurotic plaques3. Buildup of anomalous filaments of protein inside nerve cells in the brain can also take place. This protein accumulates as masses of filaments known as neurofibril tangles. Atrophy of the affected areas of the brain can also occur as well as the enlargement of the ventricles3. There is also a loss of the neuro transmitter Serotonin, Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine and Somatostatin. Attempts have been made to try to slow the development of the disease by replacing the neurotransmitters with cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (excelon), galantamine (Reminyl) and memantine (Namenda)3. These drugs work by increasing the levels of transmitters between cells, which otherw ise become lacking in Alzheimer’s disease. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence NICE conducted a review of these drugs in March 2005 and concluded that none of these drugs provided sufficient enough advantages to the patient in order to justify their cost. They recommended against the use of such drugs in the Nhs, though the Department of Health later overturned this ruling. Visual Changes in Alzheimer’s Patients Loss of vision is a key healthcare dilemma amongst the elderly. By the age of 65 approximately one in three people have a vision reducing eye disease. Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease patients and elderly patients, consequently have many visual conditions in common. Alzheimer’s disease impairs visual; function early in the course of the disease and functional losses correlate with cognitive losses. There are several common visual functional deficits that are frequently identified in Alzheimer’s disease. There is evidence for deficits in Motion perception32,33 contrast sensitivity31 colour discrimination of blue short wavelength hues34 and performance on backward masking tests31 In Alzheimer’s disease the secondary point of damage is usually the visual association cortex and other higher cortical areas as well as the primary visual cortex 35,36. Some of the main changes that occur in the eye with aging inlclude7: The crystalline lens increases in thickness, therefore decreasing its transparency and elasticity; therefore there is a tendency for cataracts to appear. The conjunctiva can become thicker and wrinkled, therefore is subject to deposits such as pinguecela. The iris can atrophy, therefore pupils become constricted and their response to light becomes sluggish. The eyes ability to dark/light adapt is affected. Refractive index of the cornea decreases and it becomes less transparent. Arcus senilis can appear. The ocular globe and eyelids can shrink leading to conditions such as entropian, ectropian and trichiasis. Also while the lachrymal production is reduced the puncta lachrymalis can become stenosed and provide less drainage which gives rise to chronic watering of the eyes Anterior chamber usually becomes more shallow and the sclera more rigid, increasing the prospects of glaucoma. These changes summed together not only diminish the quality of vision, but many of them also make the examination of the eye much more complicated. In conjunction with the general visual symptoms of aging, Alzheimer’s patients can also experience visual disturbances caused by the brain rather than the visual system alone. This means that they can have problems and difficulties perceiving what they see rather than how clearly they see it3. Difficulties are usually experienced in the areas mentioned earlier, namely depth, motion, color, and contrast sensitivity. Visual hallucinations are also a common problem with linked to loss of vision in Alzheimer’s disease patients38. Another common disorder linked to patients with Alzheimer’s disease is a variant of motion blindness. The patient can appear to be confused and lost; the individual will see the world as a series of still frames8. Visual changes in Alzheimer’s disease may also be dependent upon which brain hemisphere is more severely damaged; this factor can often be overlooked. An individual with Alzheimer’s disease could have damage to a greater extent on their left brain hemisphere from plaques and tangles. This would therefore cause subsequent retinal changes in only the left hemi-retinas of each eye i.e. the right visual fields. The right eye visual field would be affected in the temporal side (right) and the left eye visual field would be affected nasally (right)51. When only half the retina is impacted, smaller regions of the optic nerve and nerve fiber layer show losses. The left eye with affected temporal retina would show optic nerve damage in differing regions of the nerve than the right eye with nasal retinal damage.51 Alzheimers patients commonly show selective degeneration of large ganglion cell axons located in the optic nerves. This suggests that there would be impairment of broadband channel visual function. Conversely studies have shown that broadband visual capabilities are not selectively impaired in Alzheimer’s disease. The magnocellular and parvocellular neurons are greatly affected in Alzheimer’s patients, this has been proved by studies of the dorsal Lateral geniculate nucleus(LGN)3. The geniculostirate projection system is split both functionally and anatomically into two sections. They include the parvocellular layers of the Lateral geniculate body and also incorporates the magnocellular layers. These systems are mainly divided in the primary visual cortex and go through further segregation in the visual association cortex. They conclude in the temporal and paritetal lobes3. The parvocellular layers contain smaller, centrally located receptive fields that account for high spatial frequencies (acuity), they also respond well to color. On the other hand these cells do not respond well rapid motion or high flicker rates. The magnocellular cells have larger receptive fields and respond superiorly to motion and flicker. They are however comparatively insensitive to color differences, the magnocellular neurons generally show poor spatial resolution, although the seem to respond better at low luminance contrasts. To summarize the parvocellular system is superior at detecting small, slow moving, colored targets placed in the centre of the visual field. Meanwhile the magnocellular system has the ability to process rapidly moving and optically degraded stimuli across larger areas of the visual field3. The parvocellular system projects ventrally to the inferior temporal areas, which are involved in visual research, pattern recognition and visual object memory. The magnocellular system projects dorsally to the posterior parietal and superior temporal areas. These are specialized for motion information processing. The cerebral cortical areas to which the parvocelluar system projects receives virtually no vestibular afferents. Alternatively the cerebral areas to which the magnocelullar system projects receives significant vestibular and other sensory inputs. These are believed to be involved in maintaining spatial orientation. Research shows shows that the magnocellular system is more involved in Alzheimer’s disease3. Oddly, many individuals experience difficulties at low spatial frequencies instead of high frequencies as in old age. This suggests that areas controlling the low spatial frequency processing in the primary visual cortex would be affected more than those for higher frequencies processing39 After neuropathilogical studies in 1997 by Hof et al were carried out on brains with visual impairments they concluded that cortical atrophy dominated on the posterior parietal cortex and occipital lobe40 Glaucoma is also a neurodegenerative disease that has similar effects on the visual system. Lower spatial frequencies in the contrast sensitivity, deficits in the blue short wavelength color range as well as reductions in motion perception are all linked to glaucomatous patients16. When patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease also have glaucoma, the deterioration of vision related to glaucoma is much more rapid and progression is more aggressive than in people with glaucoma solely and not Alzheimer’s disease as well.19 Glaucoma is different from Alzheimer’s disease in that it affects the visual function at the early sites of neural activity, namely, the retinal ganglion cells. Glaucoma destroys the afferent axons at the nerve fiber layer in the retina. This loss of axons ultimately leads to added atrophy further up the visual pathway due to decreased neuronal input. Alternatively Alzheimer’s disease impacts the cells that are located terminally or intermediary in the visual pathway of the brain. The result is again reduced neuronal input due to loss of nerve fibre connections and atrophy along the visual pathway. When the two diseases exist in the same individual together it can be seen that there is likely to be a greater disruption to the visual system20, one key difference between the two diseases is that they affect the visual pathway at different points. Glaucoma is a degenerative disease starting at the beginning of the visual pathway, whereas Alzheimer’s disease is a deg enerative process starting relatively late in the visual pathway. When the two diseases coexist then the neuronal and functional losses of vision are cumulative. Optometric examination of dementia patients Dementia patients present special problems for optometrists. A standard eye test can be an audile to even the best of us. The patient is placed in an unfamiliar environment surrounded by unusual equipment, machinery and is subjected to probing questions about he medical history which will inevitably tax their already flawed memory. Dementia patients are most likely to be from the elderly. Therefore several difficulties are presented while conducting an ocular examination. The patient is required to maintain a position and has to maintain concentration throughout the testing procedures, which can be very difficult. Subjective examination requires responses from the patient, they are expected to remember and follow complex instructions given to them by the optometrist as well as make many precise discriminatory judgments in a short space of time. The multiple tasks required to be completed during the examination are often beyond dementia patients as they are limited by the disease. The refore it is common that patients with even a minor degree of dementia fail to provide valid answers, provide unpredictable responses to the subjective examination and retreat into an apathetic state3,9. During the visual examination of Alzheimer’s disease patients, several key visual problems can be detected. Moderate dementia patients will often experience problems such as topographic agnosia, alexia without agraphia, visual agnosia and prospagnosia3. Such patients often cannot describe individual components of photos and routinely fail to recognize family members. The degree to which such problems are experienced is consistent with the level of cytochrome oxidase deficits in the associated cortical area. In conjunction with these problems dementia patients often have problems with texture discrimination and blue violet discrimination3. During examination of the elderly dementia patients there are two contradictory requirements, firstly is ‘assurance’. The patient’s responses will be delayed and the patient may feel anxious in such an unfamiliar situation, therefore constant reassurance is required and they cannot be rushed. Alternatively time constraints are important, a dementia/elderly patient is likely to have a short attention span. Therefore the two factors above much be considered and balanced. The examination must be thorough yet carried out as quick as possible. Often when examining a dementia patient a family member of the carer must be present in order to aid the communication between optometrist and patient, for example difficulties are likely to occur when recording history and symptoms without a carer present. All factors need to be considered such as family history, medication, eye treatment and knowledge of any medical conditions and if so how long they have suffered from them. In terms of an external examination firstly, gross observations should be recorded for example does the patient have an abnormal head position or is there any lid tosis. Many external observations can also be detected with the aid of pupil reflexes. Upon carrying out the external examination the optometrist must be carful to explain exactly what each procedure will involve so as not to intimidate the patient. Internal examination Internal examination of an elderly patient often presents many problems. Older patients tend to have constricted pupils and often opacities in the media such as cataract. Patients with dementia also show poor fixation as well as lack of concentration. Pupil dilation is often used to aid external examination however many older patients can have a poor response to the insertion of mydriatic eye drops. There have been many studies into the affects of diagnostic mydriatic and miotic drugs. Many studies have shown excessive mydriatic pupil response to trompicamide (a pupil dilating drug) in patients with Alzheimer’s disease when compared to control individuals.))) on the other hand studies into the use of Miotic drops, particularly Pilocarpine have shown an increased response of pupil constriction in Alzheimer’s disease patients in comparison to normal control patients. These findings suggest a defect in pupillary innervation with Alzheimer’s disease individuals. Studies of post mortem individuals with exaggerated mydriatic pupil responses to Tropicamide found a definte disruption to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus is one of the key structures of the brain involved in the autonomic nervous system, it mediates the sympathetic and para-sympathetic pupil responses. Research by Scinto et al found amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in all individuals tested with excessive mydriatic pupil responses. The conclusion was that the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is targeted early in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. In terms of intraocular pressures use of the goldman an Perkins tonometers will be limited for the elderly dementia patients, due to health an safety reasons. Sudden movements whilst carrying out pressure tests on such equipment may be dangerous. Therefore this can be overcome to a degree by the use of handheld instruments such as the pulseair. However even with the pulseair problems can still be faces with uncooperative patients. Objective examination With uncooperative and awkward patients objective refraction through retinosopy may be difficult. Factors such as opacified media, miotic pupils, and poor fixation will influence the accuracy of the refraction. The recent introduction of hand held optometers has contributed to somewhat overcoming such problems. Instruments such as thee Nikon Retinomax are excellent for obtaining an objective refraction of the elderly patient with miotic pupils and cloudy media. When presenting the Snellen chart to a patient, the quality of their response will inevitably depend upon the degree of their dementia. Depending on which stage of dementia they are suffering from, responses could range from routine reading of the chart to no response at all. The later presents the optometrist with greater problems; however a visual acuity can still be measured via other techniques. Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer’s disease is often widespread and a prevalent problem, however it is often an untreated disorder. A reason for this impairment to be overlooked could be that visual function is typically only measured in terms of visual acuity in the majority of cases, which in Alzheimer’s patients is often normal. However, studies have shown that up to 60% of people with Alzheimer’s disease show deficits in on or multiple visual areas such as depth perception, motion perception, color discrimination or contrast sensitivity31, 32. Therefore detection and treatment of Alzheimer’s patients must include these other visual capacities and not only visual acuity tests. Deficits in depth perception have accurately been demonstrated in Alzheimer’s individuals33-37. Decline in this visual capacity is even seen at the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, independently of the other visual capacities36. Impaired depth perception will inevitably cause problems in performing everyday tasks33,36 eg walking, cleaning and stair climbing. Motion perception is also a common deficit seen in Alzheimer’s disease41-45. Studies have shown that individuals with Alzheimer’s take significantly longer to identify stationary objects that can be identified by motion cues41,43. A study by Rizzo et al42 found that 33% of Alzheimer’s patients had car accidents when put through a set of driving scenarios in a virtual simulator, compared to 0 accidents with non demented age match participants. The decreased ability of Alzheimer’s patients to accurately process visual motion cues was a significant factor in avoiding accidents. Contrast sensitivity can be defined as the smallest difference in intensity that a person can resolve between an object and its immediate surround. Most elderly patients are impaired at high spatial frequencies. However Alzheimer’s sufferers are impaired at low spatial frequencies as well46,47,48,49-51. Problems with contrast sensitivity will have a subsequent impact on how a person with Alzheimer’s disease perceives their environment, and will adversely affect their ability to perform many everyday tasks such as dressing, washing and eating to name but a few. Contrast sensitivity problems cannot be cured or overcome by means such as optical correction through spectacles, medication or surgery. However individuals can be helped by environmental modifications. We will now go on to discuss a handful of simple environmental modifications that can be made for dementia patients in order to increase their quality of life. Firstly there are several key simple principles relating to colour and light that should always be considered when modifying a living area for a dementia individual. Color Light Use sharply contrasting color between back ground and foreground. Always have even distribution of light within a room. Use solid colors rather than stripes or multi color patterns. Good to have as much natural light as possible. Do not use ‘like’ colors next to each other Minimise glare Task lighting when applicable Place light behind reading or television chair to enhance vision. In the bedroom the main point of concern is not to bump into objects and not to fall out of bed. Caregivers can also find it problematic to get the patient into their bedroom at the end of the day. Enhancing the contrast of objects in the bedroom will help patients to recognize areas of their room and intern make care givers jobs much easier during care. In order to draw the patient into a room in a common technique many institutions or caregivers use is to paint the furthest most wall in the bedroom in a contrasting color to the rest of the room, for example in a light colored room (magnolia) it would be advantageous to paint the far wall in a dark contrasting color such as brown. This will provide a depth cue for the patient and will encourage them to enter the bedroom. Once in the room dementia patients can often have problems locating the bed. Again this problem can be aided by a simple modification of using a bed spread that is of high contrast when compared to the surrounding w alls and floor of the room. This simple modification will draw the patient towards the bed and help prevent them from tripping or stumbling over the bed. Other simple tips can be to modify appliances within the bedroom such as telephones, clocks and radios with different colored buttons to encourage independence. The bathroom is another frequently used area within the household and there are many simple modifications that can be made within this area to aid the user. Firstly placing a fixed bath mat of the same color as the floor is a simple useful modification. The matt with low contrast to the floor will decrease any depth perception problems and will aid the user when getting in and out of the bath tub. Also a fixed mat can be placed inside the bath tub, however in this case the matt should be of a contrasting color to the tub. The reasoning behind this is that the contrasting bath mat will provide a excellent depth cue for the user who would other wise would be unsure to about how deep the floor of the bath tub is. The bathroom can be a hazardous place for a dementia individual as there are many risks within this room especially the risk of hot water. Therefore an extremely important modification in the bathroom is to ensure all taps have different colored knobs on the hot and cold compon ents. The colored taps will provide a color cue and help the user to distinguish between the two. The kitchen can be a dangerous place, especially for the elderly and dementia su